World Factbook
Estonia
Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)
Languages
Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish
note: only the 24 official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany and Austria, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - about 16% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken foreign language - about 29% of the EU population is conversant with it; English is an official language in Ireland and Malta and thus remained an official EU language after the UK left the bloc (2020)
Religions
Roman Catholic 41%, Orthodox 10%, Protestant 9%, other Christian 4%, Muslim 2%, other 4% (includes Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu), atheist 10%, non-believer/agnostic 17%, unspecified 3% (2019 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.01 male(s)/female
total population
0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.77 male(s)/female
Birth rate
8.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Death rate
11.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Median age
male
42.6 years
total
44 years (2020)
female
45.5 years
Population
male
220,631,332
total
451,815,312 (2024 est.)
female
231,183,980
Age structure
0-14 years
14.5% (male 33,606,273/female 31,985,118)
15-64 years
63.5% (male 143,874,460/female 143,104,994)
65 years and over
22% (2024 est.) (male 43,150,599/female 56,093,868)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
57.2 (2024)
youth dependency ratio
22.8 (2024)
potential support ratio
3 (2024)
elderly dependency ratio
34.5 (2024)
Health expenditure
10.9% of GDP (2021)
Net migration rate
-2.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Total fertility rate
1.54 children born/woman (2024 est.)
Education expenditure
5% of GDP (2020 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total
3.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Population growth rate
0.1% (2021 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.75 (2024 est.)
Population distribution
population distribution varies considerably from country to country but tends to follow a pattern of coastal and river settlement, with urban agglomerations forming large hubs; the area in and around the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg (known collectively as Benelux), is the most densely populated area in the EU
Life expectancy at birth
male
72.98 years
female
82.51 years
total population
77.63 years (2021)