World Factbook
Ethiopia
YeItyop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik
Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)
Literacy
male
71% (2022 est.)
female
50% (2022 est.)
total population
60.5% (2022 est.)
Languages
Languages
Oromo (official regional working language) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official regional working language) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official regional working language) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official regional working language) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (2007 est.)
major-language sample(s)
Kitaaba Addunyaa Waan Qabataamaatiif - Kan Madda Odeeffannoo bu’uraawaatiif baay’ee barbaachisaa ta’e. (Oromo) የአለም እውነታ መጽሐፍ፣ ለመሠረታዊ መረጃ እጅግ አስፈላጊ የሆነ ምንጭ። (Amharic) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%, Muslim 31.3%, Protestant 22.8%, Catholic 0.7%, traditional 0.6%, other 0.8% (2016 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years
0.99 male(s)/female
total population
0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.82 male(s)/female
Birth rate
29.08 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
20.2 years
total
20.6 years (2025 est.)
female
20.7 years
Population
male
60,461,406
total
121,372,632 (2025 est.)
female
60,911,226
Nationality
noun
Ethiopian(s)
adjective
Ethiopian
Tobacco use
male
7.7% (2025 est.)
total
4.5% (2025 est.)
female
1.4% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
23.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
38.7% (male 23,092,496/female 22,765,882)
15-64 years
58% (male 34,175,328/female 34,536,238)
65 years and over
3.4% (2024 est.) (male 1,794,269/female 2,186,085)
Ethnic groups
Oromo 35.8%, Amhara 24.1%, Somali 7.2%, Tigray 5.7%, Sidama 4.1%, Guragie 2.6%, Welaita 2.3%, Afar 2.2%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 13.5% (2022 est.)
Child marriage
men married by age 18
5% (2016)
women married by age 15
14.1% (2016)
women married by age 18
40.3% (2016)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
71.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
65.8 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
17.1 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
5.9 (2025 est.)
Physician density
0.14 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
5.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
0.3 beds/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Total fertility rate
3.77 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 42.2% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 51.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 83.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 57.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 48.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 16.8% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
16.7% national budget (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
37.4 deaths/1,000 live births
total
31.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
27.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
2.34% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
1.86 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated, as shown in this population distribution map
Life expectancy at birth
male
65.4 years
female
70 years
total population
67.7 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
195 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 8.2% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 17.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 50.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 91.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 82.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 49.2% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
0.92 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
1.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
5.461 million ADDIS ABABA (capital) (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
4.5% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
19.3 years (2019 est.)
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
66.3% (2019 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
21.2% (2019 est.)