World Factbook
India
Republic of India (English)/ Bharatiya Ganarajya (Hindi)
Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)
Literacy
male
88.3% (2023 est.)
female
74.9% (2023 est.)
total population
81.7% (2023 est.)
Languages
note
note 1: there are 22 other recognized languages -- Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu note 2: Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language
Languages
Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%, other 5.6%; English is the subsidiary official language but is the most important one for national, political, and commercial communication (2011 est.)
major-language sample(s)
विश्व फ़ैक्टबुक, आधारभूत जानकारी का एक अनिवार्य स्रोत (Hindi) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.1 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.11 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.07 male(s)/female
total population
1.06 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
Birth rate
15.91 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
29.1 years
total
30.1 years (2025 est.)
female
30.5 years
Population
male
730,902,574
total
1,419,316,933 (2025 est.)
female
688,414,359
Nationality
noun
Indian(s)
adjective
Indian
Tobacco use
male
34.1% (2025 est.)
total
21.8% (2025 est.)
female
8.9% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
36.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
2.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
24.5% (male 181,115,052/female 163,647,028)
15-64 years
68.7% (male 500,568,593/female 467,593,781)
65 years and over
6.8% (2024 est.) (male 44,101,180/female 52,102,662)
Ethnic groups
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, and other 3% (2000)
Child marriage
men married by age 18
2.6% (2021)
women married by age 15
4.8% (2021)
women married by age 18
23.3% (2021)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
45 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
35 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
10 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
10 (2025 est.)
Physician density
0.72 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.3% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
4.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
1.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate
2 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 91.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 93.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 95.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 8.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 6.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 4.2% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
14.2% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
30 deaths/1,000 live births
total
30.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
30.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.72% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.95 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
a very high population density exists throughout most of the country, with the notable exception of the deserts in the northwest and the mountain fringe in the north; the core of the population is in the north along the banks of the Ganges, with other river valleys and southern coastal areas also having large population concentrations
Life expectancy at birth
male
66.5 years
female
70.1 years
total population
68.2 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
80 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 83% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 88.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 17% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 11.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
3.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
2.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
32.941 million NEW DELHI (capital), 21.297 million Mumbai, 15.333 million Kolkata, 13.608 million Bangalore, 11.776 million Chennai, 10.801 million Hyderabad (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
3.9% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
21.2 years (2019/21)
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
72.3% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
31.5% (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
13 years (2024 est.)
total
13 years (2024 est.)
female
13 years (2024 est.)