World Factbook
Kazakhstan
Qazaqstan Respublikasy
Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)
Languages
note
note: percentages are based on population that understands the spoken language
Languages
Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 80.1%, Russian 83.7%, English 35.1% (2021 est.)
major-language sample(s)
Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh) Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 69.3%, Christian 17.2% (Orthodox 17%, other 0.2%), Buddhism 0.1%, other 0.1%, non-believers 2.3%, unspecified 11% (2021 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years
0.96 male(s)/female
total population
0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.56 male(s)/female
Birth rate
16.83 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
30 years
total
32.1 years (2025 est.)
female
33.8 years
Population
male
9,902,303
total
20,432,662 (2025 est.)
female
10,530,359
Nationality
noun
Kazakhstani(s)
adjective
Kazakhstani
Tobacco use
male
35.7% (2025 est.)
total
20.1% (2025 est.)
female
6.3% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
58.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
27.6% (male 2,883,200/female 2,712,772)
15-64 years
62.8% (male 6,233,881/female 6,486,019)
65 years and over
9.6% (2024 est.) (male 700,091/female 1,244,043)
Ethnic groups
Kazakh 71%, Russian 14.9%, Uzbek 3.3%, Ukrainian 1.9%, Uyghurs 1.5%, German 1.1%, Tatar 1.1%, other 4.9%, unspecified 0.3% (2023 est.)
Child marriage
women married by age 15
0.2% (2015)
women married by age 18
7% (2015)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
59.4 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
43.6 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
6.3 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
15.8 (2025 est.)
Physician density
3.75 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.9% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10.6% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
6.7 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
2.57 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: urban
urban: 98% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 2% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
22% national budget (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
8.9 deaths/1,000 live births
total
7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
7 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.83% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
1.24 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country
Life expectancy at birth
male
69 years
female
77.9 years
total population
73.3 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
10 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
2.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
3.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
1.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.987 million Almaty, 1.291 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.155 million Shimkent (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
21% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
28.9 years (2019 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
63.8% (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
14 years (2024 est.)
total
14 years (2024 est.)
female
14 years (2024 est.)