World Factbook
Romania
Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)
Literacy
male
99% (2021 est.)
female
99.3% (2021 est.)
total population
99.2% (2021 est.)
Languages
note
note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond
Languages
Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)
major-language sample(s)
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)
note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond
Sex ratio
at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1 male(s)/female
total population
0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.7 male(s)/female
Birth rate
8.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
44 years
total
45.8 years (2025 est.)
female
46.9 years
Population
male
8,747,795
total
18,148,155 (2024 est.)
female
9,400,360
Nationality
noun
Romanian(s)
adjective
Romanian
Tobacco use
male
36.2% (2025 est.)
total
26.7% (2025 est.)
female
17.9% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
54.7% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)
15-64 years
62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)
65 years and over
22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)
Ethnic groups
Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)
note: data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population
Child marriage
women married by age 15
0.5% (2021)
women married by age 18
6.9% (2021)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
61.3 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio
24.9 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio
2.7 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
36.4 (2024 est.)
Physician density
3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
6.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
7.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.63 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
8.8% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
total
5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
-0.86% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.79 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Life expectancy at birth
male
73.4 years
female
80.5 years
total population
76.9 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.5% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
27.1 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
56% (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
13 years (2023 est.)
total
14 years (2023 est.)
female
14 years (2023 est.)