World Factbook
Russia
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)
Literacy
male
99.9% (2021 est.)
female
99.9% (2021 est.)
total population
99.9% (2021 est.)
Languages
note
note: data represent native language spoken
Languages
Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)
major-language sample(s)
Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions
Sex ratio
at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years
0.95 male(s)/female
total population
0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.52 male(s)/female
Birth rate
8.27 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
13.93 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
39.4 years
total
42.3 years (2025 est.)
female
44.5 years
Population
male
65,166,555
total
140,134,279 (2025 est.)
female
74,967,724
Nationality
noun
Russian(s)
adjective
Russian
Tobacco use
male
40.2% (2025 est.)
total
26.5% (2025 est.)
female
15.1% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
75.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)
15-64 years
65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
65 years and over
17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)
Ethnic groups
Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census
Child marriage
women married by age 15
0.3% (2017)
women married by age 18
6.2% (2017)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
52.6 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
24.7 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
3.6 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
27.9 (2025 est.)
Physician density
5.11 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
7.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 91.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 97.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 8.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 2.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
4.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
14.3% national budget (2018 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
7.2 deaths/1,000 live births
total
6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
-0.49% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.74 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Life expectancy at birth
male
67.4 years
female
77.4 years
total population
72.3 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
9 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 71.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 89.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 28.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 10.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
25.2 years (2013 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.6% (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
15 years (2023 est.)
total
15 years (2023 est.)
female
15 years (2023 est.)