World Factbook
Turkey
Turkey Cumhuriyeti
Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)
Literacy
male
99.3% (2021 est.)
female
95.3% (2021 est.)
total population
97.3% (2021 est.)
Languages
Languages
Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
major-language sample(s)
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Religions
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.03 male(s)/female
total population
1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.83 male(s)/female
Birth rate
13.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
33.4 years
total
34.4 years (2025 est.)
female
34.6 years
Population
male
42,489,277
total
84,625,585 (2025 est.)
female
42,136,308
Nationality
noun
Turk(s)
adjective
Turkish
Tobacco use
male
40.1% (2025 est.)
total
30.1% (2025 est.)
female
20.1% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
77.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673)
15-64 years
68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)
65 years and over
9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)
Ethnic groups
Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)
Child marriage
women married by age 15
2% (2018)
women married by age 18
14.7% (2018)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
45.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
31.2 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
6.9 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
14.6 (2025 est.)
Physician density
2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
4.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.88 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 97% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
11.3% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
19.9 deaths/1,000 live births
total
17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
16.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.59% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.92 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Life expectancy at birth
male
74.4 years
female
79.2 years
total population
76.7 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
32.1% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
26.6 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
59.6% (2021 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
1.5% (2018 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
20 years (2022 est.)
total
20 years (2022 est.)
female
20 years (2022 est.)