World Factbook

Turkmenistan

Last updated: 2026-03-28 (today)

Budget

revenues

$5.954 billion (2019 est.)

expenditures

$6.134 billion (2019 est.)

Exports

note

note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports 2021

$10.282 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$14.67 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$13.111 billion (2023 est.)

Imports

note

note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports 2021

$6.25 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$7.362 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$7.563 billion (2023 est.)

Industries

natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

Labor force

2.445 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Public debt

Public debt 2016

24.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Remittances

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

0% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

0% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0% of GDP (2023 est.)

Exchange rates

Currency

Turkmenistani manat (TMM) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2014

3.5 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2015

3.5 (2015 est.)

Exchange rates 2016

3.5 (2016 est.)

Exchange rates 2017

4.125 (2017 est.)

Debt - external

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Debt - external 2023

$3.696 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; houses fourth-largest natural gas reserves and rich in natural resources; authoritarian and dominated by state-owned enterprises; challenges include overvalued currency, high inflation risks, lack of economic diversification due to heavy state control and bureaucracy

Unemployment rate

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

4.2% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

4.1% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

4.4% (2024 est.)

Exports - partners

China 63%, Turkey 11%, Greece 7%, Uzbekistan 6%, Azerbaijan 4% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Imports - partners

Turkey 21%, UAE 21%, China 20%, Kazakhstan 8%, Germany 5% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$17,100 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$17,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$18,000 (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

6.2% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

6.3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

2.3% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, potatoes, cotton, watermelons, tomatoes, grapes, barley, beef, lamb/mutton (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Exports - commodities

natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, crude petroleum, electricity (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - commodities

broadcasting equipment, cars, wheat, computers, iron pipes (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

GDP (official exchange rate)

$64.24 billion (2024 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Average household expenditures

on food

36.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on alcohol and tobacco

2.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020

6.1% (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

19.5% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

11.5% (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$123.778 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$131.576 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$134.555 billion (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

male

14.7% (2024 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

9.6% (2024 est.)

female

6% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

industry

39.3% (2023 est.)

services

49.4% (2023 est.)

agriculture

11.3% (2023 est.)